Appeal to Fear

🧭

Appeal to Consequences

Logically close Often paired Same family

Treats desirable or undesirable consequences as proof that a claim itself is true or false.

🛑

Appeal to Force

Logically close Same family Often confused

Uses threats, coercion, or the prospect of punishment in place of actual reasons.

💥

Appeal to Emotion

Common Logically close Same family Often confused

Pushes the audience toward a conclusion by provoking emotion rather than giving solid reasons.

🛝

Slippery Slope

Common Logically close Same family Often confused

Claims a relatively small first step will inevitably trigger a chain of extreme consequences.

🚪

False Dilemma

Common Often paired Same family Similar wording

Frames a situation as if there were only two options when more possibilities exist.

🥺

Appeal to Pity

Same family Similar wording Same category

Treats sympathy or compassion as if it were evidence that a claim is true or justified.