Propositional Fallacies

🔁

Affirming the Consequent

Logically close Same family Similar wording

Treats a result as proof of a particular cause, even though the same result could follow from other causes too.

↪️

Denying the Antecedent

Logically close Same family Similar wording

Assumes that if a condition is absent, the outcome must also be absent, even though the outcome could still arise in other ways.

📏

Illicit Major

Same family Similar wording Same category

Draws a syllogistic conclusion that distributes the major term more broadly than the premises allow.

📐

Illicit Minor

Same family Similar wording Same category

Draws a syllogistic conclusion that distributes the minor term more broadly than the premises allow.

4️⃣

Four-Term Fallacy

Same family Similar wording Same category

Uses a syllogism with four terms instead of three, often because a key term shifts meaning.

🔢

Quantification Fallacies

Same family Similar wording Same category

Misuses words like all, some, or none so the conclusion goes beyond what the premises support.