Equivocation

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Ambiguity

Common Logically close Same family Often confused

Relies on vague or slippery wording that can be taken in more than one way.

📚

Etymological Fallacy

Common Logically close Same family Often confused

Assumes a word’s current meaning or truth is determined by its historical origin.

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Loaded Question

Common Logically close Same family Often confused

Asks a question that smuggles in an unproven assumption.

🏰

Motte and Bailey

Logically close Same family Often confused

Retreats to a safer, easier claim when challenged, then returns to the stronger controversial claim once the pressure passes.

4️⃣

Four-Term Fallacy

Logically close Similar wording

Uses a syllogism with four terms instead of three, often because a key term shifts meaning.

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Fallacy Fallacy

Common Same family Similar wording Same category

Assumes a claim must be false merely because the argument for it was weak or fallacious.